As of August 2024, Monkeypox remains a subject of international concern, particularly due to the resurgence of cases in new regions and the recent mutation of the virus. Unlike the early months of the epidemic, when cases were primarily concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM), the virus has now affected more diverse groups, including women and children in areas previously not affected. affected.
Has the Monkeypox virus mutated to become more dangerous?
Since the first cases appeared in 2022, the Monkeypox virus has demonstrated an ability to evolve, leading to several mutations over the past two years. In 2024, researchers have identified a new strain of the virus, marked by increased transmissibility. Unlike previous strains, this variant appears to affect a wider range of the population, including groups that until now were considered low risk, such as women and children.
Clade 1b, mutation of concern: What has changed?
The strain identified in 2024 presents specific genetic alterations which could be responsible for its greater transmissibility. Initial analyzes indicate that these mutations affect viral proteins involved in the attachment of the virus to host cells, thereby increasing its effectiveness in penetrating human cells. This characteristic could explain the expansion of the affected groups, as well as the increased difficulties in containing the epidemic despite the public health measures in place.
What is clade 1b?
This specific strain of Monkeypox virus recently emerged in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and is spread primarily through sexual transmission networks. It is of particular concern due to its rapid spread to neighboring countries, such as Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda, where Monkeypox has not previously been reported.
A challenge for public health: How to adapt?
Researchers are actively working to characterize this new strain in order to better understand its mode of propagation and to develop appropriate response strategies. Efforts are focused on several fronts:
- Genetic sequencing : Complete genome sequencing of the new strain is underway to identify key mutations and understand their role in the increased virulence of the virus.
- Adaptation of vaccines : It is crucial to assess whether existing vaccines provide sufficient protection against this new strain. Preliminary studies suggest that adjustments may be necessary to maintain vaccine effectiveness.
- Epidemiological modeling : Predictive models are used to estimate the potential impact of this mutation on the future spread of the virus. These models will help guide decisions about public health interventions, such as vaccination campaigns and quarantine measures.
The discovery of this new strain of Monkeypox raises crucial questions about the evolution of the virus and its implications for global health. The virus’s ability to mutate and expand its host spectrum serves as a reminder of the importance of continued vigilance and flexibility in health responses. WHO and other health organizations are working closely to monitor the evolution of the virus and adapt strategies in real time, in order to minimize the impact on the global population.
Ongoing research will determine whether this mutation poses an increased long-term threat or whether effective measures can be put in place to contain the spread and protect vulnerable populations.
Where is the epidemic in 2024?
As of August 2024, the Monkeypox outbreak continues to spread at a worrying rate, with more than 50,000 confirmed cases worldwide. This resurgence marks a significant change in the geographic distribution of infections. While the first cases were mainly concentrated in Europe and North America, the new centers of the epidemic are now found in South America and Southeast Asia .
The expansion of the epidemic in these regions poses particular challenges. The health systems of South America and Southeast Asia, often less equipped to manage epidemics of this scale, are under strain. Medical infrastructure, vaccine availability, and the implementation of quarantine measures are critical elements that determine the ability of these regions to control the spread of the virus.
Although the lethality of Monkeypox remains relatively low, complications linked to the infection are increasing, particularly in children and the elderly . Severe cases, although rare, often require prolonged hospitalization and intensive care. These complications include secondary infections and severe lung damage, which can complicate management and increase the burden on health systems.
Faced with these trends, global health authorities, in collaboration with the WHO, have intensified epidemiological surveillance in the newly affected regions. Awareness campaigns and vaccination programs are being deployed to curb the spread of the virus and protect the most vulnerable populations.
How is the WHO strengthening the fight against the epidemic?
| Strategy | Description |
|---|---|
| Health Emergency Declaration (PHEIC) | The WHO declared Monkeypox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in August 2024, due to increasing cases in Africa, particularly in the DRC. |
| Extension of vaccination campaigns | Inclusion of new target populations, notably children and pregnant women, in vaccination programs. |
| International agreements | Established agreements to improve the distribution of vaccines and treatments in the most affected regions, in collaboration with partners such as Gavi and UNICEF. |
| Strengthening quarantine measures | Adoption of stricter protocols for tracking high-risk contacts , including more rigorous quarantine rules and enhanced monitoring. |
| Financial and logistical support | WHO has released USD 1.45 million to strengthen surveillance and response, with an overall financial need estimated at USD 15 million . |
Sources:
- OMS- WHO Director-General declares mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern
