Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) is a derivative of vitamin B3 (niacin) which plays a vital role in the production of NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), a coenzyme essential for energy metabolism and the maintenance of cellular health. NAD levels naturally decline with age, contributing to ageing and the onset of chronic diseases.
What is NMN?
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) is a crucial biosynthetic intermediate in the production of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide(NAD ), a coenzyme that is ubiquitous in living cells. NMN is derived from vitamin B3 (niacin) and plays a fundamental role in several essential metabolic pathways.
What is the chemical structure of the NMN available in pharmacies?
NMN is composed of a nucleotide made up of three main elements:
- Nicotinamide: a form of vitamin B3.
- Ribose: a pentose sugar.
- Phosphate group: attached to the ribose molecule.
These components combine to form NMN, which is a direct precursor of NAD via the nicotinamide riboside kinase pathway.
What is the mechanism of action of NMN?
NMN is involved in the biosynthesis of NAD , a molecule essential for various cellular functions, including :
- Energy metabolism: NAD acts as a cofactor in the reactions of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, facilitating the production ofATP, the main energy molecule in cells.
- DNA repair: NAD is required for the activity of sirtuins and DNA repair enzymes, helping to maintain genomic integrity.
- Cell signalling: NAD is involved in regulating cell communication and oxidative stress.
NAD levels decline with age, contributing to various ageing processes and increased susceptibility to chronic diseases. NMN, as a precursor of NAD , is being studied for its potential effects onimproving longevity, metabolic health and protection against age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders and diabetes.
What are the benefits of NMN available in pharmacies?
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) offers a range of health and longevity benefits, supported by clinical and preclinical data.
Improved cellular health
NMN improves cellular function by increasing levels of NAD , which is essential for several biological processes. NAD supports DNA repair and maintains the function of sirtuins, enzymes that play a key role in longevity and metabolic regulation. In addition, NMN improves endothelial function, increasing the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), thus contributing to better vascular health.
Increased mitochondrial energy
By stimulating the production of NAD , NMN improves mitochondrial function, leading to an increase in the production ofATP, the cell’s energy molecule. This translates into increased energy and improved cellular vitality. This benefit is particularly significant for tissues with high energy demands, such as the heart, muscles and brain. Clinical studies also show that NMN can reduce arterial stiffness and improve cardiovascular function.
Slowing down the ageing process
NMN helps to slow down the ageing process by maintaining levels of NAD , which improves DNA repair and activates sirtuins, thereby reducing theaccumulation of age-related cellular damage. In addition, NMN improves sleep quality and mood, offering further benefits for mental health and general well-being.
Protection against age-related diseases
Studies have shown that NMN may protect against age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. NMN promotes increased insulin sensitivity and a reduction in blood lipids, including LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. This contributes to the prevention of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. By improving NAD levels, NMN also helps protect the heart against ischaemic injury and improves cognitive function.
How should NMN be taken?
Clinical trials have explored various doses of NMN, generally between 250 mg and 500 mg per day. NMN is rapidly absorbed after oral ingestion, with a plasma half-life of 1 to 2 hours. NMN supplementation has shown inter-individual variability in response, requiring personalised dose adjustments to optimise effects.
Side effects:
Observed side effects are rare and mainly include mild gastrointestinal disturbances.
Absence of toxicity: Studies indicate an absence of significant toxicity associated with NMN, even at higher doses. Measurements of blood biochemistry, liver function and renal function show no significant variations, confirming the safety of NMN in the doses studied.
Source:
- Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: A Promising Molecule for Therapy of Diverse Diseases by Targeting NAD Metabolism
- Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind study
- NAD metabolism and the control of energy homeostasis – a balancing act between mitochondria and the nucleus
- NAD and Sirtuins in Aging and Disease
- Long-term administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide mitigates age-associated physiological decline in mice
- The Safety and Antiaging Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Human Clinical Trials: an Update
