Nootropics : Smart drugs available in pharmacies

Nootropics, also known as ‘smart drugs’, are a wide range of medicinal substances that improve human cognitive functions such as thinking, learning and memory, particularly in cases where these functions are impaired. This article focuses on plant-derived nootropics, available in pharmacies and often used as dietary supplements.

At one time or another, everyone has dreamed of becoming smarter, learning more in less time, thinking and reacting faster, and having a better memory. Nootropics are compounds available on the market that promise various cognitive benefits. Although these substances are most effective when cognitive functions are clearly impaired, they are also of interest to healthy individuals for their ability to increase intelligence and improve memory.

What are Nootropics used for?

Nootropics are a heterogeneous group of compounds that primarily activate cognitive functions such as memory and learning. The term ‘nootropic’ was first used by Cornelius E. Giurgea in 1972 to describe these substances.

Most nootropics are of natural origin, available without prescription and can generally be obtained in the form of food supplements or plant extracts.

What is the mechanism of action of nootropics?

Nootropics improve the supply of glucose andoxygen to the brain, have antihypoxic effects and protect brain tissue from neurotoxicity. They increase the synthesis of neuronal proteins and nucleic acids, and stimulate the metabolism of phospholipids in neurohormonal membranes. Some nootropics eliminate oxygen free radicals, have an anti-aggregation effect and improve the plasticity of erythrocytes, thereby increasing blood flow to the brain.

Improving the supply of glucose andoxygen is crucial to the proper functioning of the brain, as these elements are essential for the energy metabolism of neuronal cells. By increasing the efficiency of the transport and use of these energy substrates, nootropics promote an optimal metabolic environment for cognition.

In addition, the antihypoxic effects of nootropics play a significant role in protecting the brain against damage caused by a lack ofoxygen, known as hypoxia. By reducing the effects ofhypoxia, nootropics help preserve cognitive function and prevent brain damage.

Nootropics also protect brain tissue against neurotoxicity. These substances act like chemical shields, reducing the impact of neurotoxic agents and degenerative processes. This is particularly beneficial in diseases such as Alzheimer ‘s and other forms of dementia.

In addition, stimulating the synthesis of neuronal proteins and nucleic acids is essential for maintaining and regenerating neuronal networks. Neuronal proteins are crucial for synaptic transmission, while nucleic acids are involved in cell repair and reproduction. By supporting these processes, nootropics promote synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, both of which are fundamental to learning and memory.

How can we boost cognitive function?

Another mechanism by which nootropics exert their beneficial effects is by improving the metabolism of phospholipids in neurohormonal membranes. Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes and play a crucial role in cell fluidity and signalling. By optimising phospholipid metabolism, nootropics reinforce the integrity and functionality of neuronal membranes.

Some nootropics also have the ability to eliminate oxygen free radicals, giving them antioxidant properties. Free radicals can cause oxidative damage to brain cells, contributing to neurodegeneration. By neutralising these radicals, nootropics protect neurons and preserve cognitive function.

What’s more, the anti-aggregation effect of nootropics is particularly beneficial for cerebral microcirculation. By reducing platelet aggregation, these substances improve blood flow and, consequently, the supply ofoxygen and nutrients to brain tissue. This is essential for maintaining mental alertness and cognitive performance.

Finally, improving the plasticity of erythrocytes also contributes to optimising blood flow to the brain. More flexible erythrocytes can navigate more efficiently through cerebral capillaries, ensuring better oxygenation of neuronal tissues.

What are the main plant-based nootropics?

Panax ginseng

Ginseng is used for its adaptogenic, antioxidant and vasorelaxant properties. The ginsenosides present in ginseng stimulate the production of NO (nitric oxide) and improve memory by increasing the expression of proteins associated with synaptic plasticity.

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba is known for its antioxidant, neuroprotective and vasodilatory effects. It is often used to treat brain dysfunction and neurological disorders, and improves memory and the speed with which information is processed.

Centella asiatica

Centella asiatica, also known as Gotu Kola, is used for its antioxidant, anxiolytic and nootropic properties. It reduces amyloid-β deposits in the brain, which is beneficial for the potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Withania somnifera

Ashwagandha is renowned for its antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. It increases haemoglobin and blood cell content, and is potentially useful for treating drug-induced tardive dyskinesia.

Bacopa monnieri

Bacopa monnieri, also known as Brahmi, improves cognitive function and memory retention. It inhibits the degeneration of cholinergic neurons, offering neuroprotective protection.

Smart drugs: What are the side effects and precautions?

Although nootropics are generally well tolerated, they can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal disorders, headaches and sleep disorders. Precautions include consulting an expert before use, particularly for individuals with cardiovascular disease, psychosis or high blood pressure. In addition, nootropics should not be used during pregnancy or while breast-feeding.

Source

1. Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs