Infertility is a condition affecting many couples worldwide. The causes are diverse and can be female, male, or mixed. In women, ovulation disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or premature ovarian insufficiency, can make conception difficult. Conditions like endometriosis, uterine fibroids, or fallopian tube abnormalities can also impact fertility. In men, poor sperm quality (low count, poor motility, or abnormal morphology) is often a contributing factor. Other causes include hormonal imbalances, genital infections, or erectile dysfunction. Environmental factors such as exposure to endocrine disruptors, stress, or an unhealthy lifestyle (smoking, alcohol, poor diet) also play a major role.
Infertility does not always present obvious symptoms. However, some signs can be warning indicators. In women, irregular or absent menstrual cycles may signal an ovulation disorder. Chronic pelvic pain, especially in cases of endometriosis, or abnormal bleeding can also be red flags. In men, reduced libido, testicular pain, or erectile dysfunction may indicate decreased fertility. A couple is generally considered infertile after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse without conception. If any of these signs are present, consulting a fertility specialist is essential to identify the cause and consider appropriate treatment.
The treatment of infertility depends on its underlying cause. For ovulation disorders, hormonal treatments such as clomiphene or gonadotropin injections can stimulate egg production. In cases of fallopian tube abnormalities, corrective surgery may be an option. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) are effective solutions for overcoming certain infertility issues. In men, hormone therapy, lifestyle changes, or varicocele surgery can improve sperm quality. When conventional treatments fail, egg donation or sperm donation may be considered. Finally, complementary approaches such as acupuncture, micronutrition, or stress management can help support natural conception.
Infertility is diagnosed when a couple fails to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse (6 months if the woman is over 35). A fertility assessment, including hormonal tests, a pelvic ultrasound, and a semen analysis, helps identify the causes and determine the best treatment.
Age is a key factor in fertility. In women, ovarian reserve declines from age 30, with a sharper decrease after 35. The quality of eggs also deteriorates, increasing the risk of miscarriage and chromosomal abnormalities. In men, although fertility remains more stable, sperm quality may decline with age, reducing conception chances.
A fertility assessment includes several tests:
Several factors can worsen infertility, including:
While some causes of infertility are genetic or pathological, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help preserve fertility. It is recommended to:
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